Linux 文件与目录管理7667

Linux 文件与目录管理

我们知道 Linux 的目录结构为树状结构，最顶级的目录为根目录 /。

其他目录通过挂载可以将它们添加到树中，通过解除挂载可以移除它们。

在开始本教程前我们需要先知道什么是绝对路径与相对路径。

• 绝对路径：
  路径的写法，由根目录 / 写起，例如： /usr/share/doc 这个目录。

• 相对路径：
  路径的写法，不是由 / 写起，例如由 /usr/share/doc 要到 /usr/share/man 底下时，可以写成： cd ../man 这就是相对路径的写法。

处理目录的常用命令

接下来我们就来看几个常见的处理目录的命令吧：

• ls（英文全拼：list files）: 列出目录及文件名
• cd（英文全拼：change directory）：切换目录
• pwd（英文全拼：print work directory）：显示目前的目录
• mkdir（英文全拼：make directory）：创建一个新的目录
• rmdir（英文全拼：remove directory）：删除一个空的目录
• cp（英文全拼：copy file）: 复制文件或目录
• rm（英文全拼：remove）: 删除文件或目录
• mv（英文全拼：move file）: 移动文件与目录，或修改文件与目录的名称

你可以使用 man [命令] 来查看各个命令的使用文档，如 ：man cp。

ls (列出目录)

在Linux系统当中， ls 命令可能是最常被运行的。

语法：

[root@www ~]# ls [-aAdfFhilnrRSt] 目录名称
[root@www ~]# ls [–color={never,auto,always}] 目录名称
[root@www ~]# ls [–full-time] 目录名称

选项与参数：

• -a ：全部的文件，连同隐藏文件( 开头为 . 的文件) 一起列出来(常用)
• -d ：仅列出目录本身，而不是列出目录内的文件数据(常用)
• -l ：长数据串列出，包含文件的属性与权限等等数据；(常用)

将目录下的所有文件列出来(含属性与隐藏档)

[root@www ~]# ls -al ~

cd (切换目录)

cd是Change Directory的缩写，这是用来变换工作目录的命令。

语法：

cd [相对路径或绝对路径]

#使用 mkdir 命令创建 runoob 目录
[root@www ~]# mkdir runoob

#使用绝对路径切换到 runoob 目录
[root@www ~]# cd /root/runoob/

#使用相对路径切换到 runoob 目录
[root@www ~]# cd ./runoob/

# 表示回到自己的家目录，亦即是 /root 这个目录
[root@www runoob]# cd ~

# 表示去到目前的上一级目录，亦即是 /root 的上一级目录的意思；
[root@www ~]# cd ..

接下来大家多操作几次应该就可以很好的理解 cd 命令的。

pwd (显示目前所在的目录)

pwd 是 Print Working Directory 的缩写，也就是显示目前所在目录的命令。

[root@www ~]# pwd [-P]

选项与参数：

• -P ：显示出确实的路径，而非使用链接 (link) 路径。

实例：单纯显示出目前的工作目录：

[root@www ~]# pwd
/root <== 显示出目录啦～

实例显示出实际的工作目录，而非链接档本身的目录名而已。

[root@www ~]# cd /var/mail <==注意，/var/mail是一个链接档
[root@www mail]# pwd
/var/mail <==列出目前的工作目录
[root@www mail]# pwd -P
/var/spool/mail <==怎么回事？有没有加 -P 差很多～
[root@www mail]# ls -ld /var/mail
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 4 17:54 /var/mail -> spool/mail
# 看到这里应该知道为啥了吧？因为 /var/mail 是链接档，链接到 /var/spool/mail
# 所以，加上 pwd -P 的选项后，会不以链接档的数据显示，而是显示正确的完整路径啊！

mkdir (创建新目录)

如果想要创建新的目录的话，那么就使用mkdir (make directory)吧。

语法：

mkdir [-mp] 目录名称

选项与参数：

• -m ：配置文件的权限喔！直接配置，不需要看默认权限 (umask) 的脸色～
• -p ：帮助你直接将所需要的目录(包含上一级目录)递归创建起来！

实例：请到/tmp底下尝试创建数个新目录看看：

[root@www ~]# cd /tmp
[root@www tmp]# mkdir test <==创建一名为 test 的新目录
[root@www tmp]# mkdir test1/test2/test3/test4
mkdir: cannot create directory `test1/test2/test3/test4':
No such file or directory <== 没办法直接创建此目录啊！
[root@www tmp]# mkdir -p test1/test2/test3/test4

加了这个 -p 的选项，可以自行帮你创建多层目录！

实例：创建权限为 rwx–x–x 的目录。

[root@www tmp]# mkdir -m 711 test2
[root@www tmp]# ls -l
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:50 test
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:53 test1
drwx–x–x 2 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:54 test2

上面的权限部分，如果没有加上 -m 来强制配置属性，系统会使用默认属性。

如果我们使用 -m ，如上例我们给予 -m 711 来给予新的目录 drwx–x–x 的权限。

rmdir (删除空的目录)

语法：

rmdir [-p] 目录名称

选项与参数：

• -p ：从该目录起，一次删除多级空目录

删除 runoob 目录

[root@www tmp]# rmdir runoob/

将 mkdir 实例中创建的目录(/tmp 底下)删除掉！

[root@www tmp]# ls -l <==看看有多少目录存在？
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:50 test
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:53 test1
drwx–x–x 2 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:54 test2
[root@www tmp]# rmdir test <==可直接删除掉，没问题
[root@www tmp]# rmdir test1 <==因为尚有内容，所以无法删除！
rmdir: `test1': Directory not empty
[root@www tmp]# rmdir -p test1/test2/test3/test4
[root@www tmp]# ls -l <==您看看，底下的输出中test与test1不见了！
drwx–x–x 2 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:54 test2

利用 -p 这个选项，立刻就可以将 test1/test2/test3/test4 一次删除。

不过要注意的是，这个 rmdir 仅能删除空的目录，你可以使用 rm 命令来删除非空目录。

cp (复制文件或目录)

cp 即拷贝文件和目录。

语法:

[root@www ~]# cp [-adfilprsu] 来源档(source) 目标档(destination)
[root@www ~]# cp [options] source1 source2 source3 …. directory

选项与参数：

• -a：相当於 -pdr 的意思，至於 pdr 请参考下列说明；(常用)

• -d：若来源档为链接档的属性(link file)，则复制链接档属性而非文件本身；

• -f：为强制(force)的意思，若目标文件已经存在且无法开启，则移除后再尝试一次；

• -i：若目标档(destination)已经存在时，在覆盖时会先询问动作的进行(常用)

• -l：进行硬式链接(hard link)的链接档创建，而非复制文件本身；

• -p：连同文件的属性一起复制过去，而非使用默认属性(备份常用)；

• -r：递归持续复制，用於目录的复制行为；(常用)

• -s：复制成为符号链接档 (symbolic link)，亦即『捷径』文件；

• -u：若 destination 比 source 旧才升级 destination ！

用 root 身份，将 root 目录下的 .bashrc 复制到 /tmp 下，并命名为 bashrc

[root@www ~]# cp ~/.bashrc /tmp/bashrc
[root@www ~]# cp -i ~/.bashrc /tmp/bashrc
cp: overwrite `/tmp/bashrc'? n <==n不覆盖，y为覆盖

rm (移除文件或目录)

语法：

rm [-fir] 文件或目录

选项与参数：

• -f ：就是 force 的意思，忽略不存在的文件，不会出现警告信息；
• -i ：互动模式，在删除前会询问使用者是否动作
• -r ：递归删除啊！最常用在目录的删除了！这是非常危险的选项！！！

将刚刚在 cp 的实例中创建的 bashrc 删除掉！

[root@www tmp]# rm -i bashrc
rm: remove regular file `bashrc'? y

如果加上 -i 的选项就会主动询问喔，避免你删除到错误的档名！

mv (移动文件与目录，或修改名称)

语法：

[root@www ~]# mv [-fiu] source destination
[root@www ~]# mv [options] source1 source2 source3 …. directory

选项与参数：

• -f ：force 强制的意思，如果目标文件已经存在，不会询问而直接覆盖；
• -i ：若目标文件 (destination) 已经存在时，就会询问是否覆盖！
• -u ：若目标文件已经存在，且 source 比较新，才会升级 (update)

复制一文件，创建一目录，将文件移动到目录中

[root@www ~]# cd /tmp
[root@www tmp]# cp ~/.bashrc bashrc
[root@www tmp]# mkdir mvtest
[root@www tmp]# mv bashrc mvtest

将某个文件移动到某个目录去，就是这样做！

将刚刚的目录名称更名为 mvtest2

[root@www tmp]# mv mvtest mvtest2

Linux 文件内容查看

Linux系统中使用以下命令来查看文件的内容：

• cat  由第一行开始显示文件内容
• tac  从最后一行开始显示，可以看出 tac 是 cat 的倒着写！
• nl   显示的时候，顺道输出行号！
• more 一页一页的显示文件内容
• less 与 more 类似，但是比 more 更好的是，他可以往前翻页！
• head 只看头几行
• tail 只看尾巴几行

你可以使用 man [命令]来查看各个命令的使用文档，如 ：man cp。

cat

由第一行开始显示文件内容

语法：

cat [-AbEnTv]

选项与参数：

• -A ：相当於 -vET 的整合选项，可列出一些特殊字符而不是空白而已；
• -b ：列出行号，仅针对非空白行做行号显示，空白行不标行号！
• -E ：将结尾的断行字节 $ 显示出来；
• -n ：列印出行号，连同空白行也会有行号，与 -b 的选项不同；
• -T ：将 [tab] 按键以 ^I 显示出来；
• -v ：列出一些看不出来的特殊字符

检看 /etc/issue 这个文件的内容：

[root@www ~]# cat /etc/issue
CentOS release 6.4 (Final)
Kernel \\r on an \\m

tac

tac与cat命令刚好相反，文件内容从最后一行开始显示，可以看出 tac 是 cat 的倒着写！如：

[root@www ~]# tac /etc/issue

Kernel \\r on an \\m
CentOS release 6.4 (Final)

nl

显示行号

语法：

nl [-bnw] 文件

选项与参数：

• -b ：指定行号指定的方式，主要有两种：
  -b a ：表示不论是否为空行，也同样列出行号(类似 cat -n)；
  -b t ：如果有空行，空的那一行不要列出行号(默认值)；
• -n ：列出行号表示的方法，主要有三种：
  -n ln ：行号在荧幕的最左方显示；
  -n rn ：行号在自己栏位的最右方显示，且不加 0 ；
  -n rz ：行号在自己栏位的最右方显示，且加 0 ；
• -w ：行号栏位的占用的位数。

实例一：用 nl 列出 /etc/issue 的内容

[root@www ~]# nl /etc/issue
1 CentOS release 6.4 (Final)
2 Kernel \\r on an \\m

more

一页一页翻动

[root@www ~]# more /etc/man_db.config
#
# Generated automatically from man.conf.in by the
# configure script.
#
# man.conf from man-1.6d
….(中间省略)….
–More–(28%) <== 重点在这一行喔！你的光标也会在这里等待你的命令

在 more 这个程序的运行过程中，你有几个按键可以按的：

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https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480646
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480602
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480645
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480618
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480636
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480635
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480631
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480630
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480628
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480625
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480622
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480621
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480442
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480612
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480610
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480607
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480606
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480603
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480322
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480600
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480599
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480596
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480593
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480592
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480589
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480590
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480587
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480417
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480577
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480575
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480576
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480573
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480568
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480362
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480566
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480388
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480555
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480549
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480544
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480545
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480541
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480530
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480523
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480344
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480519
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480515
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480505
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480323
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480310
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480499
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480391
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480494
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480489
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480272
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480488
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480486
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480484
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480483
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480331
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480479
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480478
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480313
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480473
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480470
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480469
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480467
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480464
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480458
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480455
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480460
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480454
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480453
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480450
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480447
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480364
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480442
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480440
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480437
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480436
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480432
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480424
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480421
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480417
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480420
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480403
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480402
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480399
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480400
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480398
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480240
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480395
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480390
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480359
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480389
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480391
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480388
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480387
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480383
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480381
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480375
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480374
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480373
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480370
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480371
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480368
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480366
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480364
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480362
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480360
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480359
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480357
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480348
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480353
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480356
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480351
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480349
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480344
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480341
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480338
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480337
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480333
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480332
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480331
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480329
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480322
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480328
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480327
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480323
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480316
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480319
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480317
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480313
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480310
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480309
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480308
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480217
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480305
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480304
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480303
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480293
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480292
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480287
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480284
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480283
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480281
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480279
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480278
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480277
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480272
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480271
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480264
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480268
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480267
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480265
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480263
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480259
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480256
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480255
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480251
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480247
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480242
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480240
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480239
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480236
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480234
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480233
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480226
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480224
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480220
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480223
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480221
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480219
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480216
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480217
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10479774
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480212
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480211
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480209
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480205
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480201
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480202
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480195
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480196
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480194
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480192
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480033
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480184
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480185
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480183
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480176
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480173
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480172
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480171
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480169
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480167
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480165
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480164
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480162
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480161
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480159
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480003
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/10480157
 

• 空白键 (space)：代表向下翻一页；
• Enter         ：代表向下翻『一行』；
• /字串         ：代表在这个显示的内容当中，向下搜寻『字串』这个关键字；
• :f            ：立刻显示出档名以及目前显示的行数；
• q             ：代表立刻离开 more ，不再显示该文件内容。
• b 或 [ctrl]-b ：代表往回翻页，不过这动作只对文件有用，对管线无用。

less

一页一页翻动，以下实例输出/etc/man.config文件的内容：

[root@www ~]# less /etc/man.config
#
# Generated automatically from man.conf.in by the
# configure script.
#
# man.conf from man-1.6d
….(中间省略)….
: <== 这里可以等待你输入命令！

less运行时可以输入的命令有：

• 空白键    ：向下翻动一页；
• [pagedown]：向下翻动一页；
• [pageup]  ：向上翻动一页；
• /字串     ：向下搜寻『字串』的功能；
• ?字串     ：向上搜寻『字串』的功能；
• n         ：重复前一个搜寻 (与 / 或 ? 有关！)
• N         ：反向的重复前一个搜寻 (与 / 或 ? 有关！)
• q         ：离开 less 这个程序；

head

取出文件前面几行

语法：