C++ vector容器详解与实战

好的，下面我将为你详细讲解C++中的vector容器，从基础概念到核心操作，并附带代码示例。

一、vector 基础概念

vector是C++标准模板库（STL）中的动态数组，具有以下特性：

二、初始化 vector

以下是常见的初始化方式：

#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
// 1. 空 vector
vector<int> vec1;

// 2. 指定大小和初始值
vector<int> vec2(5, 10); // 5个元素，每个值为10

// 3. 通过数组初始化
int arr[] = {1, 2, 3};
vector<int> vec3(arr, arr + 3);

// 4. 列表初始化 (C++11)
vector<int> vec4 = {4, 5, 6};

return 0;
}

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三、核心操作

1. 添加元素

vec1.push_back(7); // 尾部插入元素
vec1.insert(vec1.begin() + 2, 8); // 在索引2处插入8

2. 删除元素

vec1.pop_back(); // 删除尾部元素
vec1.erase(vec1.begin() + 1); // 删除索引1处的元素
vec1.clear(); // 清空所有元素

3. 访问元素

cout << vec4[0]; // 通过下标访问（不检查越界）
cout << vec4.at(1); // 安全访问（越界抛出异常）
cout << vec4.front(); // 首元素
cout << vec4.back(); // 尾元素

4. 容量管理

cout << vec4.size(); // 当前元素数量
cout << vec4.capacity(); // 当前分配的存储空间大小
vec4.reserve(100); // 预分配空间（避免频繁扩容）
vec4.shrink_to_fit(); // 释放多余内存（C++11）

四、遍历 vector

1. 下标遍历

for (size_t i = 0; i < vec4.size(); ++i) {
cout << vec4[i] << " ";
}

2. 迭代器遍历

for (auto it = vec4.begin(); it != vec4.end(); ++it) {
cout << *it << " ";
}

3. 范围循环（C++11）

for (int num : vec4) {
cout << num << " ";
}

五、注意事项

六、综合示例

#include <vector>
#include <algorithm> // 使用sort
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
vector<int> nums = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5};
nums.reserve(10); // 预分配空间

// 添加元素
nums.push_back(9);
nums.insert(nums.begin(), 2);

// 排序
sort(nums.begin(), nums.end());

// 遍历输出
for (int n : nums) {
cout << n << " ";
}
// 输出：1 1 2 3 4 5 9

return 0;
}

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总结

vector 是最常用的STL容器之一，适用于需要频繁随机访问、尾部操作且数据量动态变化的场景。熟练掌握其操作和特性，能显著提升C++开发效率。下一期将深入探讨 vector 的底层实现与高级用法。