Shell 变量3535

Shell 变量

在 Shell 编程中，变量是用于存储数据值的名称。

定义变量时，变量名不加美元符号（$，PHP语言中变量需要），如：

your_name="runoob"

注意，变量名和等号之间不能有空格，这可能和你熟悉的所有编程语言都不一样。同时，变量名的命名须遵循如下规则：

• 只包含字母、数字和下划线： 变量名可以包含字母（大小写敏感）、数字和下划线 _，不能包含其他特殊字符。
• 不能以数字开头： 变量名不能以数字开头，但可以包含数字。
• 避免使用 Shell 关键字： 不要使用Shell的关键字（例如 if、then、else、fi、for、while 等）作为变量名，以免引起混淆。
• 使用大写字母表示常量： 习惯上，常量的变量名通常使用大写字母，例如 PI=3.14。
• 避免使用特殊符号： 尽量避免在变量名中使用特殊符号，因为它们可能与 Shell 的语法产生冲突。
• 避免使用空格： 变量名中不应该包含空格，因为空格通常用于分隔命令和参数。

有效的 Shell 变量名示例如下：

RUNOOB="www.runoob.com"
LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/bin/"
_var="123"
var2="abc"

无效的变量命名：

# 避免使用if作为变量名
if="some_value"
# 避免使用 $ 等特殊符号
variable_with_$=42
?var=123
user*name=runoob
# 避免空格
variable with space="value"

等号两侧避免使用空格：

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# 正确的赋值
variable_name=value

# 有可能会导致错误
variable_name = value

除了显式地直接赋值，还可以用语句给变量赋值，如：

for file in `ls /etc`
或
for file in $(ls /etc)

以上语句将 /etc 下目录的文件名循环出来。

使用变量

使用一个定义过的变量，只要在变量名前面加美元符号即可，如：

实例

your_name="qinjx"
echo $your_name
echo ${your_name}

变量名外面的花括号是可选的，加不加都行，加花括号是为了帮助解释器识别变量的边界，比如下面这种情况：

实例

for skill in Ada Coffe Action Java; do
    echo "I am good at ${skill}Script"
done

如果不给skill变量加花括号，写成echo "I am good at $skillScript"，解释器就会把$skillScript当成一个变量（其值为空），代码执行结果就不是我们期望的样子了。

推荐给所有变量加上花括号，这是个好的编程习惯。

已定义的变量，可以被重新定义，如：

实例

your_name="tom"
echo $your_name
your_name="alibaba"
echo $your_name

这样写是合法的，但注意，第二次赋值的时候不能写$your_name="alibaba"，使用变量的时候才加美元符（$）。

只读变量

使用 readonly 命令可以将变量定义为只读变量，只读变量的值不能被改变。

下面的例子尝试更改只读变量，结果报错：

实例

#!/bin/bash

myUrl="https://www.google.com"
readonly myUrl
myUrl="https://www.runoob.com"