迭代器
迭代是 Python 最强大的功能之一，是访问集合元素的一种方式。
迭代器是一个可以记住遍历的位置的对象。
迭代器对象从集合的第一个元素开始访问，直到所有的元素被访问完结束。迭代器只能往前不会后退。
迭代器有两个基本的方法：iter() 和 next()。
字符串，列表或元组对象都可用于创建迭代器：
实例(Python 3.0+)
>>> list=[1,2,3,4] >>> it = iter(list) # 创建迭代器对象 >>> print (next(it)) # 输出迭代器的下一个元素 1 >>> print (next(it)) 2 >>>
迭代器对象可以使用常规for语句进行遍历：
实例(Python 3.0+)
#!/usr/bin/python3 list=[1,2,3,4] it = iter(list) # 创建迭代器对象 for x in it: print (x, end=" ")
执行以上程序，输出结果如下：
1 2 3 4
也可以使用 next() 函数：
实例(Python 3.0+)
#!/usr/bin/python3 import sys # 引入 sys 模块 list=[1,2,3,4] it = iter(list) # 创建迭代器对象 while True: try: print (next(it)) except StopIteration: sys.exit()
执行以上程序，输出结果如下：
1
2
3
4
创建一个迭代器
把一个类作为一个迭代器使用需要在类中实现两个方法 __iter__() 与 __next__() 。
如果你已经了解的面向对象编程，就知道类都有一个构造函数，Python 的构造函数为 __init__(), 它会在对象初始化的时候执行。
更多内容查阅：Python3 面向对象
__iter__() 方法返回一个特殊的迭代器对象， 这个迭代器对象实现了 __next__() 方法并通过 StopIteration 异常标识迭代的完成。
__next__() 方法（Python 2 里是 next()）会返回下一个迭代器对象。
创建一个返回数字的迭代器，初始值为 1，逐步递增 1：
实例(Python 3.0+)
class MyNumbers: def __iter__(self): self.a = 1 return self def __next__(self): x = self.a self.a += 1 return x myclass = MyNumbers() myiter = iter(myclass) print(next(myiter)) print(next(myiter)) print(next(myiter)) print(next(myiter)) print(next(myiter))
执行输出结果为：
1
2
3
4
5
StopIteration
StopIteration 异常用于标识迭代的完成，防止出现无限循环的情况，在 __next__() 方法中我们可以设置在完成指定循环次数后触发 StopIteration 异常来结束迭代。
在 20 次迭代后停止执行：
实例(Python 3.0+)
class MyNumbers: def __iter__(self): self.a = 1 return self def __next__(self): if self.a <= 20: x = self.a self.a += 1 return x else: raise StopIteration myclass = MyNumbers() myiter = iter(myclass) for x in myiter: print(x)
执行输出结果为：
1
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5
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20
生成器
在 Python 中，使用了 yield 的函数被称为生成器（generator）。
yield 是一个关键字，用于定义生成器函数，生成器函数是一种特殊的函数，可以在迭代过程中逐步产生值，而不是一次性返回所有结果。
跟普通函数不同的是，生成器是一个返回迭代器的函数，只能用于迭代操作，更简单点理解生成器就是一个迭代器。
当在生成器函数中使用 yield 语句时，函数的执行将会暂停，并将 yield 后面的表达式作为当前迭代的值返回。
然后，每次调用生成器的 next() 方法或使用 for 循环进行迭代时，函数会从上次暂停的地方继续执行，直到再次遇到 yield 语句。这样，生成器函数可以逐步产生值，而不需要一次性计算并返回所有结果。
调用一个生成器函数，返回的是一个迭代器对象。
下面是一个简单的示例，展示了生成器函数的使用：
实例
def countdown(n): while n > 0: yield n n -= 1 # 创建生成器对象 generator = countdown(5) # 通过迭代生成器获取值 print(next(generator)) # 输出: 5 print(next(generator)) # 输出: 4 print(next(generator)) # 输出: 3 # 使用 for 循环迭代生成器 for value in generator: print(value) # 输出: 2 1
以上实例中，countdown 函数是一个生成器函数。它使用 yield 语句逐步产生从 n 到 1 的倒数数字。在每次调用 yield 语句时，函数会返回当前的倒数值，并在下一次调用时从上次暂停的地方继续执行。
通过创建生成器对象并使用 next() 函数或 for 循环迭代生成器，我们可以逐步获取生成器函数产生的值。在这个例子中，我们首先使用 next() 函数获取前三个倒数值，然后通过 for 循环获取剩下的两个倒数值。
生成器函数的优势是它们可以按需生成值，避免一次性生成大量数据并占用大量内存。此外，生成器还可以与其他迭代工具（如for循环）无缝配合使用，提供简洁和高效的迭代方式。
执行以上程序，输出结果如下：
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以下实例使用 yield 实现斐波那契数列：
实例(Python 3.0+)
#!/usr/bin/python3 import sys def fibonacci(n): # 生成器函数 – 斐波那契 a, b, counter = 0, 1, 0 while True: if (counter > n): return yield a a, b = b, a + b counter += 1 f = fibonacci(10) # f 是一个迭代器，由生成器返回生成 while True: try: print (next(f), end=" ") except StopIteration: sys.exit()
执行以上程序，输出结果如下：
