Spring AI 框架下接入 agent skill 手把手教程

参考文档：Spring AI Agentic Patterns (Part 1): Agent Skills – Modular, Reusable Capabilities

引言

点进来的读者应该都了解了 agent skills 是什么，为什么会出现这种工程手段等等，此处不在多说，本篇博客聚焦于在 Spring-AI 下如何快速接入 Skills，并且探究背后实现的原理。 项目示例代码可以在 https://github.com/MimicHunterZ/PocketMind/tree/master/backend/src/main/java/com/doublez/pocketmindserver/demo 下查看，如果觉得项目不错，欢迎给我star~

环境准备

maven依赖

根据官方手册，skill 需要 Spring-AI 2.0.0-M2 版本以上，所以根据这个配置，项目demo的依赖如下：

<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>4.0.2</version>
<relativePath/>
</parent>

<properties>
<java.version>21</java.version>
<spring-ai.version>2.0.0-M2</spring-ai.version>
</properties>

<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>

<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.ai</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-ai-starter-model-openai</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!–引入社区实现的 skills 工具–>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springaicommunity</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-ai-agent-utils</artifactId>
<version>0.4.2</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>

<dependencyManagement>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.ai</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-ai-bom</artifactId>
<version>${spring-ai.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>

<repositories>
<repository>
<id>spring-milestones</id>
<name>Spring Milestones</name>
<url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
</repository>
</repositories>

实测，Spring boot 3.5.10、jdk17、Spring AI 1.1.2 也可以跑通demo，不过不知道有没有更多的坑

yml配置

server:
port: 8080
spring:
application:
name: pocketmind–server
ai:
chat:
client:
observations:
log-prompt: true
log-completion: true
openai:
api-key: xxxx # 替换为你的 API Key
base-url: xxxx # 替换为你的 Base URL 不需要 /v1 chat:
options:
model: deepseek–chat # 替换为你使用的模型名称

示例demo采用 openai兼容的 api，如需兼容anthropic，那么根据对应文档进行切换即可

示例代码

skill.md

在根目录下添加对应的skill，skill的格式应该如下：

my-skill/
├── SKILL.md # Required: instructions + metadata
├── scripts/ # Optional: executable code
├── references/ # Optional: documentation
└── assets/ # Optional: templates, resources

在 skill.md 中 格式应该如下，至少应该包含元信息和详细的说明文档

—
name: code-reviewer
description: Reviews Java code for best practices, security issues, and Spring Framework conventions. Use when user asks to review, analyze, or audit code
—

# Code Reviewer

## Instructions

When reviewing code:

1. Check **for** security vulnerabilities (SQL injection, XSS, etc.)

2. Verify Spring Boot best practices (proper use of @Service, @Repository, etc.)

3. Look **for** potential null pointer exceptions

4. Suggest improvements **for** readability and maintainability

5. Provide specific line-by-line feedback with code examples

示例如下：

controller

import org.springaicommunity.agent.tools.FileSystemTools;
import org.springaicommunity.agent.tools.ShellTools;
import org.springaicommunity.agent.tools.SkillsTool;
import org.springframework.ai.chat.client.ChatClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;

import java.util.Map;

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/demo")
public class SkillController {
private final ChatClient chatClient;

public SkillController(ChatClient.Builder chatClientBuilder) {
this.chatClient = chatClientBuilder
.defaultToolCallbacks(SkillsTool.builder()
.addSkillsDirectory(".claude/skills")
//也可以使用下面这个
//.addSkillsResource(resourceLoader.getResource("classpath:.claude/skills"))
.build())
.defaultTools(FileSystemTools.builder().build())
.defaultTools(ShellTools.builder().build())
.defaultToolContext(Map.of("foo", "bar"))
.build();
}

/**
* 测试 skill 流程
* @param message 用户的输入
* @return
*/
@PostMapping("/skill")
public String chat(@RequestBody String message) {
return chatClient.prompt()
.user(message)
.call()
.content();
}
}

此时运行程序，访问对应的端口即可查看返回内容

代码解释

源码分析

0. 设置目录：

public class SkillsTool {
//…
public static class Builder {

private List<Skill> skills = new ArrayList<>();

private String toolDescriptionTemplate = TOOL_DESCRIPTION_TEMPLATE;

protected Builder() {

}

public Builder toolDescriptionTemplate(String template) {
this.toolDescriptionTemplate = template;
return this;
}

public Builder addSkillsResources(List<Resource> skillsRootPaths) {
for (Resource skillsRootPath : skillsRootPaths) {
this.addSkillsResource(skillsRootPath);
}
return this;
}

public Builder addSkillsResource(Resource skillsRootPath) {
try {
String path = skillsRootPath.getFile().toPath().toAbsolutePath().toString();
this.addSkillsDirectory(path);
}
catch (IOException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException("Failed to load skills from directory: " + skillsRootPath, ex);
}
return this;
}

public Builder addSkillsDirectory(String skillsRootDirectory) {
this.addSkillsDirectories(List.of(skillsRootDirectory));
return this;
}

public Builder addSkillsDirectories(List<String> skillsRootDirectories) {
for (String skillsRootDirectory : skillsRootDirectories) {
try {
this.skills.addAll(skills(skillsRootDirectory));
}
catch (IOException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException("Failed to load skills from directory: " + skillsRootDirectory, ex);
}
}
return this;
}
//…
}
//…
}

• toolDescriptionTemplate: 添加 skill 描述说明

• addSkillsResource、addSkillsDirectory 添加 skill 的路径，支持多个

1. 加载 skill 元数据

这是加载器的入口。它会去你指定的文件夹里找 SKILL.md 文件。

/**
* Recursively finds all SKILL.md files in the given root directory and returns their * parsed contents. * @param rootDirectory the root directory to search for SKILL.md files
* @return a list of SkillFile objects containing the path, front-matter, and content
* of each SKILL.md file * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs while reading the directory or files
*/
private static List<Skill> skills(String rootDirectory) throws IOException {
Path rootPath = Paths.get(rootDirectory);

if (!Files.exists(rootPath)) {
throw new IOException("Root directory does not exist: " + rootDirectory);
}

if (!Files.isDirectory(rootPath)) {
throw new IOException("Path is not a directory: " + rootDirectory);
}

List<Skill> skillFiles = new ArrayList<>();

try (Stream<Path> paths = Files.walk(rootPath)) {
paths.filter(Files::isRegularFile)
.filter(path -> path.getFileName().toString().equals("SKILL.md")) // 遍历目录
.forEach(path -> {
try {
// 解析文件：分为 FrontMatter (元数据) 和 Content (正文)
String markdown = Files.readString(path, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
MarkdownParser parser = new MarkdownParser(markdown);
skillFiles.add(new Skill(path, parser.getFrontMatter(), parser.getContent()));
}
catch (IOException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("Failed to read SKILL.md file: " + path, e);
}
});
}

return skillFiles;
}

• FrontMatter (YAML头)：包含技能的名字（如 name: pdf）和描述。这部分会被提取出来，告诉 AI “我有这个技能”。
• Content (正文)：这是具体的 Prompt 指令（比如“处理 PDF 的步骤是：1. 转换文本… 2. 提取摘要…”）。

public ToolCallback build() {
Assert.notEmpty(this.skills, "At least one skill must be configured");

String skillsXml = this.skills.stream().map(s -> s.toXml()).collect(Collectors.joining("\\n"));

return FunctionToolCallback.builder("Skill", new SkillsFunction(toSkillsMap(this.skills)))
.description(this.toolDescriptionTemplate.formatted(skillsXml))
.inputType(SkillsInput.class)
.build();
}

• 此步骤会把扫描到的技能列表编织进工具的描述里。
• 当 AI 看到这个工具时，它的 Prompt 里会出现你定义过的 skill 列表，例如：
  • <skill><name>pdf</name><description>Extract text from PDF</description></skill>
  • <skill><name>git</name><description>Git version control</description></skill>

3. 调用skill

当 AI 决定调用 Skill("pdf") 时，实际上触发了这段逻辑：

public static class SkillsFunction implements Function<SkillsInput, String> {

private Map<String, Skill> skillsMap;

public SkillsFunction(Map<String, Skill> skillsMap) {
this.skillsMap = skillsMap;
}

@Override
public String apply(SkillsInput input) {
Skill skill = this.skillsMap.get(input.command());

if (skill != null) {
var skillBaseDirectory = skill.path().getParent().toString();
return "Base directory for this skill: %s\\n\\n%s".formatted(skillBaseDirectory, skill.content());
}

return "Skill not found: " + input.command();
}

}

• 此时返回的是“路径”和“正文内容”，于是 AI 读到返回的文字后，会发现这是一份“Code Review 的操作指南”。

至此 skill 的机制已经完整实现了，ai 只需要根据返回的 Skill.md 就可以调用对应的说明或者reference/scripts 下面的技能。

如果读者对于spring ai 框架下 ai 怎么进行多次工具调用循环好奇，可以查看Spring ai下的工具调用以及循环调用。