Python 文件解析： Excel / Word / PDF 的解析、处理、预览与下载

1. 总览：同一个入口，不同解析器

当用户上传文件时，技术链路通常是：

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xlsx

docx

pdf

用户上传文件

Upload API

保存原件

按扩展名路由

Excel 处理器

Word 处理器

PDF 处理器

预览数据

预览数据

预览数据

前端预览与编辑

保存编辑结果

下载原件 / 下载编辑结果

2. 插件与依赖清单

先统一约定：本文里“插件”指第三方依赖包（Python 包 / 前端 npm 包）。

2.1 Python 端插件（后端）

对应 import 写法（便于直接复制代码）：

2.2 前端插件（预览与编辑）

2.3 可选插件（PDF OCR 兜底）

2.4 可选插件（兼容旧格式）

2.5 安装命令示例

# Backend
pip install fastapi uvicorn python-multipart openpyxl pandas python-docx pymupdf

# Frontend
npm install xlsx mammoth react-data-grid

# Optional OCR fallback
pip install pytesseract pillow
# or
pip install paddleocr

# Optional legacy-format support
pip install xlrd

3. 通用基础：上传、存储、路由

3.1 上传接口示例

from pathlib import Path
from fastapi import APIRouter, UploadFile, File

router = APIRouter()

@router.post("/api/files/upload")
async def upload(files: list[UploadFile] = File(...)):
items = []
for f in files:
suffix = Path(f.filename).suffix.lower()
raw_path = save_raw_file(f) # 保存原件

if suffix == ".xlsx":
file_id = process_excel(raw_path)
file_type = "excel"
elif suffix == ".docx":
file_id = process_word(raw_path)
file_type = "word"
elif suffix == ".pdf":
file_id = process_pdf(raw_path)
file_type = "pdf"
else:
items.append({"filename": f.filename, "error": "unsupported file type"})
continue

items.append({"file_id": file_id, "type": file_type, "filename": f.filename})

return {"items": items}

说明：openpyxl 主流场景是 .xlsx，python-docx 主流场景是 .docx。
如果必须支持 .xls / .doc，建议先做“格式转换”再进入本文解析流水线。

3.2 原件下载接口（通用）

from fastapi.responses import FileResponse

@router.get("/api/files/{file_id}/download/raw")
def download_raw(file_id: str):
path = locate_raw_file(file_id)
return FileResponse(path, filename=path.name)

4. Excel：解析、处理、预览、编辑保存、下载

本章用到的插件：openpyxl、pandas（可选）、xlsx、react-data-grid。

Excel 的特点是天然二维网格，所以处理策略是“保留 sheet + 保留行列”。

4.1 解析（Python）

from openpyxl import load_workbook

def parse_excel(path: str) –> dict:
wb = load_workbook(path, data_only=True)
sheets: dict[str, list[list[str]]] = {}

for sheet_name in wb.sheetnames:
ws = wb[sheet_name]
rows: list[list[str]] = []
for row in ws.iter_rows(values_only=True):
rows.append(["" if c is None else str(c) for c in row])
sheets[sheet_name] = rows

return {
"sheet_names": wb.sheetnames,
"sheets": sheets,
}

4.2 处理（可选）

常见的通用处理：

def normalize_excel_rows(rows: list[list[str]]) –> list[list[str]]:
if not rows:
return [[""]]
width = max(len(r) for r in rows)
normalized = []
for r in rows:
row = ["" if c is None else str(c) for c in r]
if len(row) < width:
row += [""] * (width – len(row))
normalized.append(row[:width])
return normalized

4.3 前端预览

前端展示方式：

4.4 编辑保存

PUT /api/excel/{file_id}/edit

{
"sheet_name": "Sheet1",
"rows": [["A1", "B1"], ["A2", "B2"]]
}

后端可把编辑结果保存成：

4.5 下载

@router.get("/api/excel/{file_id}/download/edited")
def download_excel_edited(file_id: str):
edited_path = build_edited_excel(file_id) # 根据保存的 rows 重建 xlsx
return FileResponse(edited_path, filename=edited_path.name)

存储后端前端用户存储后端前端用户#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .actor{stroke:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);fill:#ECECFF;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg text.actor>tspan{fill:black;stroke:none;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .actor-line{stroke:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .innerArc{stroke-width:1.5;stroke-dasharray:none;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .messageLine0{stroke-width:1.5;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke:#333;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .messageLine1{stroke-width:1.5;stroke-dasharray:2,2;stroke:#333;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg #arrowhead path{fill:#333;stroke:#333;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .sequenceNumber{fill:white;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg #sequencenumber{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg #crosshead path{fill:#333;stroke:#333;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .messageText{fill:#333;stroke:none;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .labelBox{stroke:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);fill:#ECECFF;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .labelText,#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .labelText>tspan{fill:black;stroke:none;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .loopText,#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .loopText>tspan{fill:black;stroke:none;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .loopLine{stroke-width:2px;stroke-dasharray:2,2;stroke:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);fill:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .note{stroke:#aaaa33;fill:#fff5ad;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .noteText,#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .noteText>tspan{fill:black;stroke:none;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .activation0{fill:#f4f4f4;stroke:#666;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .activation1{fill:#f4f4f4;stroke:#666;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .activation2{fill:#f4f4f4;stroke:#666;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .actorPopupMenu{position:absolute;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .actorPopupMenuPanel{position:absolute;fill:#ECECFF;box-shadow:0px 8px 16px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);filter:drop-shadow(3px 5px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.4));}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .actor-man line{stroke:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);fill:#ECECFF;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg .actor-man circle,#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg line{stroke:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);fill:#ECECFF;stroke-width:2px;}#mermaid-svg-MwyRjjL0o67weGPg :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}上传 ExcelPOST /upload保存 raw.xlsxparse_excelsheet_names + sheets编辑单元格PUT /excel/{file_id}/edit保存 excel_edits.json / edited.xlsx下载编辑版GET /excel/{file_id}/download/editededited.xlsx

5. Word：解析、处理、预览、编辑保存、下载

本章用到的插件：python-docx、mammoth、react-data-grid。

Word 的天然结构是“段落 + 表格”，不建议简单压平为纯二维表。

5.1 解析（Python）

from docx import Document

def parse_word(path: str) –> dict:
doc = Document(path)
blocks: list[dict] = []

# 段落块
for p in doc.paragraphs:
text = p.text.strip()
if text:
blocks.append({"type": "paragraph", "text": text})

# 表格块
for table_index, table in enumerate(doc.tables):
rows = []
for row in table.rows:
rows.append([cell.text.strip() for cell in row.cells])
blocks.append({"type": "table", "table_index": table_index, "rows": rows})

return {"blocks": blocks}

5.2 处理（可选）

5.3 前端预览

Word 常见做法是双视图：

5.4 编辑保存

PUT /api/word/{file_id}/edit

{
"blocks": [
{"type": "paragraph", "text": "Updated paragraph"},
{"type": "table", "table_index": 0, "rows": [["Header1", "Header2"], ["V1", "V2"]]}
]
}

后端可以：

5.5 下载

@router.get("/api/word/{file_id}/download/edited")
def download_word_edited(file_id: str):
edited_docx = build_edited_word_docx(file_id)
return FileResponse(edited_docx, filename=edited_docx.name)

6. PDF：解析、处理、预览、编辑保存、下载

本章用到的插件：pymupdf（可选 OCR：pytesseract/paddleocr）、react-data-grid。

PDF 的关键是“按页处理”，因为页面是它的天然单位。

6.1 解析（Python）

import fitz

def parse_pdf(path: str) –> dict:
pages = []
with fitz.open(path) as doc:
for i in range(doc.page_count):
page = doc.load_page(i)
text = page.get_text("text") or ""

tables = []
finder = page.find_tables()
if finder and finder.tables:
for t in finder.tables:
tables.append([[str(c or "").strip() for c in row] for row in t.extract()])

pages.append({
"page_no": i + 1,
"text": text,
"tables": tables,
"width": float(page.rect.width),
"height": float(page.rect.height),
})

return {"page_count": len(pages), "pages": pages}

6.2 处理（可选）

6.3 前端预览

建议双层：

6.4 编辑保存

PUT /api/pdf/{file_id}/edit

{
"page_no": 1,
"table_index": 0,
"rows": [["Col1", "Col2"], ["A", "B"]],
"notes": "manual correction"
}

后端可保存：

6.5 下载

存储后端前端用户存储后端前端用户#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}@keyframes edge-animation-frame{from{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}@keyframes dash{to{stroke-dashoffset:0;}}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .edge-animation-slow{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 50s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .edge-animation-fast{stroke-dasharray:9,5!important;stroke-dashoffset:900;animation:dash 20s linear infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:1px;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 p{margin:0;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .actor{stroke:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);fill:#ECECFF;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 text.actor>tspan{fill:black;stroke:none;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .actor-line{stroke:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .innerArc{stroke-width:1.5;stroke-dasharray:none;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .messageLine0{stroke-width:1.5;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke:#333;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .messageLine1{stroke-width:1.5;stroke-dasharray:2,2;stroke:#333;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 #arrowhead path{fill:#333;stroke:#333;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .sequenceNumber{fill:white;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 #sequencenumber{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 #crosshead path{fill:#333;stroke:#333;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .messageText{fill:#333;stroke:none;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .labelBox{stroke:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);fill:#ECECFF;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .labelText,#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .labelText>tspan{fill:black;stroke:none;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .loopText,#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .loopText>tspan{fill:black;stroke:none;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .loopLine{stroke-width:2px;stroke-dasharray:2,2;stroke:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);fill:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .note{stroke:#aaaa33;fill:#fff5ad;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .noteText,#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .noteText>tspan{fill:black;stroke:none;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .activation0{fill:#f4f4f4;stroke:#666;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .activation1{fill:#f4f4f4;stroke:#666;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .activation2{fill:#f4f4f4;stroke:#666;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .actorPopupMenu{position:absolute;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .actorPopupMenuPanel{position:absolute;fill:#ECECFF;box-shadow:0px 8px 16px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);filter:drop-shadow(3px 5px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.4));}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .actor-man line{stroke:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);fill:#ECECFF;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 .actor-man circle,#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 line{stroke:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);fill:#ECECFF;stroke-width:2px;}#mermaid-svg-fJ1lmYaePWYry9p8 :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}上传 PDFPOST /upload保存 raw.pdfparse_pdf（分页提取）pages/meta修订表格PUT /pdf/{file_id}/edit保存 pdf_edits.json / edited.pdf下载编辑版GET /pdf/{file_id}/download/editededited.pdf

7. API 清单（示例）

说明：这三组接口可以由同一个服务实现。本文拆开写，仅用于按文件格式独立说明技术实现细节。

8. 工程落地建议（纯技术）

9. 效果

excel预览效果

word预览效果

pdf 预览效果