Linux 文件与目录管理222424

Linux 文件与目录管理

我们知道 Linux 的目录结构为树状结构，最顶级的目录为根目录 /。

其他目录通过挂载可以将它们添加到树中，通过解除挂载可以移除它们。

在开始本教程前我们需要先知道什么是绝对路径与相对路径。

• 绝对路径：
  路径的写法，由根目录 / 写起，例如： /usr/share/doc 这个目录。

• 相对路径：
  路径的写法，不是由 / 写起，例如由 /usr/share/doc 要到 /usr/share/man 底下时，可以写成： cd ../man 这就是相对路径的写法。

处理目录的常用命令

接下来我们就来看几个常见的处理目录的命令吧：

• ls（英文全拼：list files）: 列出目录及文件名
• cd（英文全拼：change directory）：切换目录
• pwd（英文全拼：print work directory）：显示目前的目录
• mkdir（英文全拼：make directory）：创建一个新的目录
• rmdir（英文全拼：remove directory）：删除一个空的目录
• cp（英文全拼：copy file）: 复制文件或目录
• rm（英文全拼：remove）: 删除文件或目录
• mv（英文全拼：move file）: 移动文件与目录，或修改文件与目录的名称

你可以使用 man [命令] 来查看各个命令的使用文档，如 ：man cp。

ls (列出目录)

在Linux系统当中， ls 命令可能是最常被运行的。

语法：

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[root@www ~]# ls [-aAdfFhilnrRSt] 目录名称
[root@www ~]# ls [–color={never,auto,always}] 目录名称
[root@www ~]# ls [–full-time] 目录名称

选项与参数：

• -a ：全部的文件，连同隐藏文件( 开头为 . 的文件) 一起列出来(常用)
• -d ：仅列出目录本身，而不是列出目录内的文件数据(常用)
• -l ：长数据串列出，包含文件的属性与权限等等数据；(常用)

将目录下的所有文件列出来(含属性与隐藏档)

[root@www ~]# ls -al ~

cd (切换目录)

cd是Change Directory的缩写，这是用来变换工作目录的命令。

语法：

cd [相对路径或绝对路径]

#使用 mkdir 命令创建 runoob 目录
[root@www ~]# mkdir runoob

#使用绝对路径切换到 runoob 目录
[root@www ~]# cd /root/runoob/

#使用相对路径切换到 runoob 目录
[root@www ~]# cd ./runoob/

# 表示回到自己的家目录，亦即是 /root 这个目录
[root@www runoob]# cd ~

# 表示去到目前的上一级目录，亦即是 /root 的上一级目录的意思；
[root@www ~]# cd ..

接下来大家多操作几次应该就可以很好的理解 cd 命令的。

pwd (显示目前所在的目录)

pwd 是 Print Working Directory 的缩写，也就是显示目前所在目录的命令。

[root@www ~]# pwd [-P]

选项与参数：

• -P ：显示出确实的路径，而非使用链接 (link) 路径。

实例：单纯显示出目前的工作目录：

[root@www ~]# pwd
/root <== 显示出目录啦～

实例显示出实际的工作目录，而非链接档本身的目录名而已。

[root@www ~]# cd /var/mail <==注意，/var/mail是一个链接档
[root@www mail]# pwd
/var/mail <==列出目前的工作目录
[root@www mail]# pwd -P
/var/spool/mail <==怎么回事？有没有加 -P 差很多～
[root@www mail]# ls -ld /var/mail
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 4 17:54 /var/mail -> spool/mail
# 看到这里应该知道为啥了吧？因为 /var/mail 是链接档，链接到 /var/spool/mail
# 所以，加上 pwd -P 的选项后，会不以链接档的数据显示，而是显示正确的完整路径啊！

mkdir (创建新目录)

如果想要创建新的目录的话，那么就使用mkdir (make directory)吧。

语法：

mkdir [-mp] 目录名称

选项与参数：

• -m ：配置文件的权限喔！直接配置，不需要看默认权限 (umask) 的脸色～
• -p ：帮助你直接将所需要的目录(包含上一级目录)递归创建起来！

实例：请到/tmp底下尝试创建数个新目录看看：

[root@www ~]# cd /tmp
[root@www tmp]# mkdir test <==创建一名为 test 的新目录
[root@www tmp]# mkdir test1/test2/test3/test4
mkdir: cannot create directory `test1/test2/test3/test4':
No such file or directory <== 没办法直接创建此目录啊！
[root@www tmp]# mkdir -p test1/test2/test3/test4

加了这个 -p 的选项，可以自行帮你创建多层目录！

实例：创建权限为 rwx–x–x 的目录。

[root@www tmp]# mkdir -m 711 test2
[root@www tmp]# ls -l
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:50 test
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:53 test1
drwx–x–x 2 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:54 test2

上面的权限部分，如果没有加上 -m 来强制配置属性，系统会使用默认属性。

如果我们使用 -m ，如上例我们给予 -m 711 来给予新的目录 drwx–x–x 的权限。

rmdir (删除空的目录)

语法：

rmdir [-p] 目录名称

选项与参数：

• -p ：从该目录起，一次删除多级空目录

删除 runoob 目录

[root@www tmp]# rmdir runoob/

将 mkdir 实例中创建的目录(/tmp 底下)删除掉！

[root@www tmp]# ls -l <==看看有多少目录存在？
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:50 test
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:53 test1
drwx–x–x 2 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:54 test2
[root@www tmp]# rmdir test <==可直接删除掉，没问题
[root@www tmp]# rmdir test1 <==因为尚有内容，所以无法删除！
rmdir: `test1': Directory not empty
[root@www tmp]# rmdir -p test1/test2/test3/test4
[root@www tmp]# ls -l <==您看看，底下的输出中test与test1不见了！
drwx–x–x 2 root root 4096 Jul 18 12:54 test2

利用 -p 这个选项，立刻就可以将 test1/test2/test3/test4 一次删除。

不过要注意的是，这个 rmdir 仅能删除空的目录，你可以使用 rm 命令来删除非空目录。

cp (复制文件或目录)

cp 即拷贝文件和目录。

语法:

[root@www ~]# cp [-adfilprsu] 来源档(source) 目标档(destination)
[root@www ~]# cp [options] source1 source2 source3 …. directory

选项与参数：

• -a：相当於 -pdr 的意思，至於 pdr 请参考下列说明；(常用)

• -d：若来源档为链接档的属性(link file)，则复制链接档属性而非文件本身；

• -f：为强制(force)的意思，若目标文件已经存在且无法开启，则移除后再尝试一次；

• -i：若目标档(destination)已经存在时，在覆盖时会先询问动作的进行(常用)

• -l：进行硬式链接(hard link)的链接档创建，而非复制文件本身；

• -p：连同文件的属性一起复制过去，而非使用默认属性(备份常用)；

• -r：递归持续复制，用於目录的复制行为；(常用)

• -s：复制成为符号链接档 (symbolic link)，亦即『捷径』文件；

• -u：若 destination 比 source 旧才升级 destination ！