2、绪论与软件架构概述

📘 系统架构设计师学习笔记（一）：绪论与软件架构概述

从概念到实战：系统架构的本质、发展历程、5大架构风格及“4+1”视图模型全解

📑 目录

• 1. 系统架构的基本概念
• 2. 软件架构的发展阶段
• 3. 5种常用软件架构风格（★★★）
  • 3.1 分层架构
  • 3.2 事件驱动架构
  • 3.3 微核架构（插件架构）
  • 3.4 微服务架构
  • 3.5 云架构
• 4. 通用架构风格分类
  • 4.1 数据流风格
  • 4.2 调用/返回风格
  • 4.3 独立构件风格
  • 4.4 虚拟机风格
  • 4.5 仓库风格
  • 4.6 C2风格
• 5. 软件架构的4种建模方法
• 6. “4+1”视图模型
• 7. 架构风格适用场景速查表
• 8. 经典真题演练

1. 系统架构的基本概念

架构（IEEE定义）：体现组件中的系统基本组织、组件彼此关系及与环境的关系，以及指导其设计和发展的原则。

系统架构：系统的一种整体高层次结构表示，是系统的骨架和根基，包括组件、连接件、约束规范以及演化原理。

架构设计的作用：

• 解决复杂需求分析问题
• 处理非功能属性（性能、安全性、可维护性）设计
• 支撑长生命周期、高扩展性系统结构
• 实现基于组件的集成
• 支持业务流程再造

💡 系统架构设计是连接用户需求与详细设计实现的桥梁，也是早期质量保证的关键。

2. 软件架构的发展阶段

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基础研究阶段

模块化开发

高内聚低耦合

模块大小适度

接口简单精炼

概念体系形成

组件化技术

可组装/可插拔

依赖平台/容器

比模块化更独立

理论体系完善

架构描述/分析/设计

架构风格

动态架构

架构重用

普及应用

贯穿软件生命周期

影响开发各阶段

成为核心产物

软件架构四阶段演进

3. 5种常用软件架构风格（★★★）

考试高频考点！以下5种是近年案例分析及选择题常考内容。

3.1 分层架构

将软件分为若干水平层，每层有清晰角色，通过接口通信。

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分层架构

表现层 Presentation Layer用户界面/交互

业务层 Business Layer业务逻辑实现

持久层 Persistence Layer数据访问/SQL

数据库层 Database Layer数据存储

可选：服务层 Service Layer

特点：请求必须逐层传递，不能跨层调用。

3.2 事件驱动架构

通过事件进行通信，是一种分布式异步架构，适用于松散耦合系统。

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事件源

事件队列

分发器

事件通道

事件处理器

新事件

四部分：事件队列、分发器、事件通道、事件处理器。简单项目可合并为“事件代理+处理器”。

3.3 微核架构（插件架构）

内核只包含最小功能（模块加载、通信），业务逻辑通过插件实现。

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核心系统 Core模块加载/通信/最小功能

插件1业务逻辑A

插件2业务逻辑B

插件3业务逻辑C

特点：插件互相独立，减少依赖。

3.4 微服务架构

SOA的升级版，每个服务是独立部署单元，通过REST/SOAP等远程协议通信。

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微服务架构

Client

API_Gateway

订单服务

用户服务

库存服务

订单DB

用户DB

库存DB

三种实现模式：

• RESTful API模式（云服务）
• RESTful应用模式（企业内部）
• 集中消息模式（消息代理，注意单点故障）

3.5 云架构

主要解决扩展性和并发问题，将数据复制到内存中，形成可复制的内存数据单元。

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云架构

管理请求/会话

管理请求/会话

管理请求/会话

数据复制

数据复制

数据复制

虚拟中间件

处理单元1

处理单元2

处理单元3

虚拟中间件包含：消息中间件、数据中间件、处理中间件、部署中间件。

4. 通用架构风格分类

根据任铄老师课程整理，共6大类：

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架构风格分类

数据流风格

批处理序列

管道/过滤器

调用/返回风格

主程序/子程序

面向对象

层次结构

独立构件风格

进程通信

事件系统

虚拟机风格

解释器

基于规则的系统

仓库风格

数据库系统

超文本系统

黑板系统

C2风格

构件-连接件

异步消息

4.1 管道/过滤器

每个构件读取输入流，处理后输出到下一个。

优点：高内聚低耦合、支持重用、支持并行执行。 缺点：批处理结构、不适合交互应用、性能下降。

典型应用：UNIX Shell脚本、传统编译器。

4.2 面向对象风格

对象隐藏内部表示，通过过程调用交互。

优点：改变表示不影响其他对象。 缺点：需要知道对象标识，修改标识会影响所有调用者。

4.3 基于事件的隐式调用

构件触发/广播事件，系统自动调用注册的过程。

优点：支持重用，方便替换构件。 缺点：失去计算控制权，数据交换问题，正确性推理困难。

4.4 分层系统

每层为上层服务，作为下层客户，仅相邻层可见。

优点：抽象递增、功能增强、支持重用。 缺点：不是所有系统都能分层，难以找到合适抽象层次。

4.5 仓库风格（黑板系统）

中央数据结构保存当前状态，独立构件在其上执行。

黑板系统三部分：知识源、黑板数据结构、控制。

典型应用：语音识别、模式识别、松耦合代理数据共享。

4.6 C2风格

通过连接件绑定的并行构件网络。

规则：构件和连接件都有顶部和底部；构件之间不能直接连接；连接件之间通过底部到顶部连接。

特点：构件独立，异步消息通信，依赖性低。

5. 软件架构的4种建模方法

根据建模侧重点不同，分为4种模型（常考选择题）：

💡 真题直击：（1）是对结构或框架模型的补充 → 动态模型 （2）是研究构造系统的步骤和过程 → 过程模型

6. “4+1”视图模型

由Kruchten提出，从5个角度描述软件架构：

7. 架构风格适用场景速查表（高频考点）

📌 真题示例： “用于GUI软件开发，构建灵活可扩展应用系统” → C2风格 “用于对组件内部进行设计” → 面向对象风格

8. 经典真题演练

【例1】 软件架构风格是描述某一特定应用领域中系统组织方式的惯用模式。一个体系结构定义了一个词汇表和一组（ ）。架构风格反映领域中众多系统所共有的结构和（ ）。

A. 约束 B. 连接件 C. 拓扑结构 D. 规则 A. 语义特征 B. 功能需求 C. 质量属性 D. 业务规则

答案：A、A （词汇表+约束；结构和语义特征）

【例2】 某公司拟开发一个新闻系统，可根据用户注册兴趣推送新闻，应该采用（ ）架构风格？

A. 事件驱动系统 B. 主程序-子程序 C. 黑板 D. 管道-过滤器

答案：A（事件驱动，隐式调用推送）

【例3】 某编译器包括词法分析、语法分析、语义分析、代码生成四个阶段，每个阶段结果作为下一阶段输入且需独立存储，应采用（ ）架构风格？

A. 管道-过滤器 B. 数据仓储 C. 主程序-子程序 D. 解释器

答案：A（数据流通过管道传递，每个过滤器独立存储）

【例4】 不属于微服务架构三种实现模式的是（ ）

A. RESTful API模式 B. RESTful应用模式 C. 集中消息模式 D. 分布式消息模式

答案：D

本文内容根据购买课程讲义及官方教程整理，仅供学习参考。