DM 数据库安装配置与运维实战：构建企业级国产数据库核心能力

一、DM 数据库概述与体系架构

1.1 DM 数据库简介

DM 数据库是达梦数据推出的新一代大型通用关系型数据库管理系统，具有高安全性、高可靠性、高兼容性等特点，广泛应用于政府、金融、能源、电信等关键行业领域。作为国产数据库的标杆产品，DM 数据库全面支持 SQL 标准，提供完备的事务处理能力，并高度兼容 Oracle 语法体系，大大降低了迁移成本。

DM 数据库的核心优势包括:

1.2 DM 数据库体系架构

DM 数据库采用经典的实例与数据库分离架构体系，实例由一组内存结构和后台进程组成，数据库则是磁盘上的物理文件集合。理解这一架构是进行后续运维与调优的基础。

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DM 数据库系统

数据库实例 Instance

数据库 Database

内存结构

后台进程

共享内存池

数据缓冲区

重做日志缓冲区

SQL 缓冲区

数据库服务进程

日志写入进程

检查点进程

异步线程

数据文件 .DBF

重做日志文件 .LOG

控制文件 .CTL

归档日志文件

参数文件 dm.ini

从架构图可以看出，DM 数据库的内存结构主要包括以下几部分:

1.3 DM 数据库核心特性

DM 数据库在安全性、高性能与兼容性方面具有突出优势，下表汇总了核心特性:

| 特性类别 | 具体能力 | 说明 |

|———|———|——|

| 安全特性 | 三权分立 | 数据库管理员 DBA、数据库安全员 SSO、数据库审计员 AUDITOR 三权相互制约 |

| 安全特性 | 强制访问控制 | 基于策略的安全标签机制，实现细粒度数据访问控制 |

| 高可用 | 数据守护 | 主备集群模式，支持故障自动切换 |

| 高可用 | 读写分离 | 读操作分流到备库，提升整体并发处理能力 |

| 兼容性 | Oracle 兼容 | 支持 Oracle 数据类型、SQL 语法、PL/SQL 存储过程 |

| 分布式 | MPP 架构 | 大规模并行处理，支持海量数据分析 |

二、DM 数据库安装与部署

2.1 环境准备

在正式安装 DM 数据库之前，需要完成必要的系统环境准备工作。以下以 CentOS 7.9 为例进行说明。

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环境准备流程

操作系统检查

硬件资源评估

创建 dmdba 用户

调整系统参数

配置用户限制

创建安装目录

挂载安装介质

1. 操作系统检查

确认操作系统版本与内核信息:

# 查看操作系统版本
cat /etc/redhat-release
# 查看内核版本
uname -r
# 查看 CPU 架构
uname -m

2. 硬件资源评估

| 资源类型 | 最低要求 | 推荐配置 |

|———|———|———|

| CPU | 2 核 | 8 核及以上 |

| 内存 | 2 GB | 16 GB 及以上 |

| 磁盘空间 | 10 GB | 100 GB 及以上 |

| 交换分区 | 与内存等大 | 内存的 1.5 倍 |

3. 创建 dmdba 用户与用户组

# 创建 dinstall 用户组
groupadd -g 12349 dinstall
# 创建 dmdba 用户并加入 dinstall 组
useradd -u 12345 -g dinstall -m -d /home/dmdba -s /bin/bash dmdba
# 设置用户密码
passwd dmdba

4. 调整系统内核参数

编辑 /etc/sysctl.conf 文件，添加以下配置:

vi /etc/sysctl.conf

添加如下内容:

fs.file-max = 6815744
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 1048576
vm.swappiness = 10

使配置生效:

sysctl -p

5. 配置用户资源限制

编辑 /etc/security/limits.conf 文件:

vi /etc/security/limits.conf

添加以下内容:

dmdba soft nofile 65536
dmdba hard nofile 65536
dmdba soft nproc 65536
dmdba hard nproc 65536
dmdba soft core unlimited
dmdba hard core unlimited

6. 创建安装目录并授权

# 创建安装目录
mkdir -p /dm/dmdbms
# 创建数据目录
mkdir -p /dm/dmdata
# 创建归档目录
mkdir -p /dm/dmarch
# 创建备份目录
mkdir -p /dm/dmbak
# 授权
chown -R dmdba:dinstall /dm
chmod -R 775 /dm

2.2 安装步骤详解

1. 挂载安装镜像

# 切换到 root 用户
su – root
# 创建挂载点
mkdir -p /mnt/dm
# 挂载 ISO 安装镜像
mount -o loop dm8_install.iso /mnt/dm

2. 执行安装程序

# 切换到 dmdba 用户
su – dmdba
# 进入挂载目录
cd /mnt/dm
# 执行安装程序(命令行方式)
./DMInstall.bin -i

安装过程中按照提示输入选项:

是否输入 Key 文件路径? (Y/y:是 N/n:否)[Y/y]:n
是否设置时区? (Y/y:是 N/n:否)[Y/y]:y
设置时区[21]:21
安装类型:
1 典型安装
2 服务器
3 客户端
4 自定义
请选择安装类型的数字序号[1 典型安装]:1
请选择安装目录[/home/dmdba/dmdbms]:/dm/dmdbms

3. 执行 root 脚本

安装完成后，根据提示以 root 用户执行脚本:

su – root
/dm/dmdbms/script/root/root_installer.sh

安装目录结构如下:

/dm/dmdbms/
├── bin/ # 可执行文件目录
├── data/ # 默认数据目录
├── doc/ # 文档目录
├── drivers/ # 驱动程序目录
├── include/ # 头文件目录
├── jar/ # Java 工具包目录
├── log/ # 日志目录
├── script/ # 脚本目录
└── license/ # 许可证目录

2.3 初始化数据库实例

1. 使用 dminit 工具初始化实例

# 切换到 dmdba 用户
su – dmdba
# 进入 bin 目录
cd /dm/dmdbms/bin
# 执行 dminit 初始化实例
./dminit PATH=/dm/dmdata DB_NAME=DAMENG INSTANCE_NAME=DMSVR PORT_NUM=5236 SYSDBA_PWD=Dameng@123 CHARSET=1 LENGTH_IN_CHAR=1 CASE_SENSITIVE=1

关键参数说明:

| 参数名 | 说明 | 示例值 |

|——–|——|——–|

| PATH | 数据文件存放路径 | /dm/dmdata |

| DB_NAME | 数据库名称 | DAMENG |

| INSTANCE_NAME | 实例名称 | DMSVR |

| PORT_NUM | 端口号 | 5236 |

| SYSDBA_PWD | 系统管理员密码 | Dameng@123 |

| CHARSET | 字符集(1 表示 UTF-8) | 1 |

| LENGTH_IN_CHAR | 是否以字符为单位计算长度 | 1 |

| CASE_SENSITIVE | 大小写敏感(1 表示敏感) | 1 |

2. 注册数据库服务

# 以 root 用户执行
su – root
# 进入脚本目录
cd /dm/dmdbms/script/root
# 注册服务
./dm_service_installer.sh -t dmserver -p DMSVR -dm_ini /dm/dmdata/DAMENG/dm.ini

3. 启动与验证

# 启动数据库服务
systemctl start DmServiceDMSVR
# 查看服务状态
systemctl status DmServiceDMSVR
# 设置开机自启
systemctl enable DmServiceDMSVR

初始化实例的完整流程如下图所示:

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.edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 p{margin:0;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .label text,#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .node rect,#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .node circle,#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .node ellipse,#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .node polygon,#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .node path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .rough-node .label text,#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .node .label text,#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .image-shape .label,#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .icon-shape .label{text-anchor:middle;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .node .katex path{fill:#000;stroke:#000;stroke-width:1px;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .rough-node .label,#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .node .label,#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .image-shape .label,#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .icon-shape .label{text-align:center;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .node.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 .root .anchor path{fill:#333333!important;stroke-width:0;stroke:#333333;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 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.state-start{fill:#000000;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon{fill:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon-neo path{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-1786595696351-2 :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}是否

开始初始化实例

运行 dminit 工具

设置数据库名称与路径

设置端口与密码

设置字符集与大小写敏感

生成控制文件与数据文件

注册系统服务

启动数据库实例

服务是否正常启动

初始化完成

检查日志排查问题

三、DM 数据库日常运维与性能优化

3.1 服务管理与连接操作

1. 服务管理命令

# 启动服务
systemctl start DmServiceDMSVR
# 停止服务
systemctl stop DmServiceDMSVR
# 重启服务
systemctl restart DmServiceDMSVR
# 查看服务状态
systemctl status DmServiceDMSVR

2. 使用 disql 工具连接数据库

# 本地连接
cd /dm/dmdbms/bin
./disql SYSDBA/Dameng@123@localhost:5236

连接成功后，可以执行以下 SQL 验证:

— 查看数据库版本
SELECT * FROM v$version;
— 查看数据库名称
SELECT name FROM v$database;
— 查看实例状态
SELECT status$ FROM v$instance;

3. 表空间与用户管理

创建自定义表空间:

— 创建表空间
CREATE TABLESPACE TBS_APP DATAFILE '/dm/dmdata/DAMENG/TBS_APP01.DBF' SIZE 128 AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 10 MAXSIZE 10240;
— 创建用户
CREATE USER APP_USER IDENTIFIED BY "App@123456" DEFAULT TABLESPACE TBS_APP;
— 授予角色权限
GRANT RESOURCE, PUBLIC TO APP_USER;

3.2 常用 SQL 操作与对象管理

1. 表的创建与管理

— 切换到业务用户
SET SCHEMA APP_USER;
— 创建部门表
CREATE TABLE dept (
dept_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
dept_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
location VARCHAR(100),
create_time TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
— 创建员工表
CREATE TABLE emp (
emp_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
emp_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
gender CHAR(1) CHECK (gender IN ('M','F')),
salary DECIMAL(10,2) DEFAULT 0,
dept_id INT,
hire_date DATE DEFAULT CURRENT_DATE,
CONSTRAINT fk_emp_dept FOREIGN KEY (dept_id) REFERENCES dept(dept_id)
);
— 创建索引
CREATE INDEX idx_emp_name ON emp(emp_name);
CREATE INDEX idx_emp_dept ON emp(dept_id);

2. 数据增删改查

— 插入部门数据
INSERT INTO dept(dept_id, dept_name, location) VALUES(10, '研发部', '北京');
INSERT INTO dept(dept_id, dept_name, location) VALUES(20, '市场部', '上海');
INSERT INTO dept(dept_id, dept_name, location) VALUES(30, '财务部', '广州');
— 插入员工数据
INSERT INTO emp(emp_id, emp_name, gender, salary, dept_id) VALUES(1001, '张三', 'M', 15000.00, 10);
INSERT INTO emp(emp_id, emp_name, gender, salary, dept_id) VALUES(1002, '李四', 'F', 12000.00, 20);
INSERT INTO emp(emp_id, emp_name, gender, salary, dept_id) VALUES(1003, '王五', 'M', 18000.00, 10);
— 提交事务
COMMIT;
— 查询各部门平均薪资
SELECT d.dept_name, COUNT(e.emp_id) AS emp_count, AVG(e.salary) AS avg_salary
FROM dept d
LEFT JOIN emp e ON d.dept_id = e.dept_id
GROUP BY d.dept_name
ORDER BY avg_salary DESC;

3. 存储过程与函数

— 创建存储过程: 根据部门 ID 统计人数
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE sp_dept_stat(
p_dept_id IN INT,
p_count OUT INT,
p_total OUT DECIMAL
)
AS
BEGIN
SELECT COUNT(*), NVL(SUM(salary), 0)
INTO p_count, p_total
FROM emp
WHERE dept_id = p_dept_id;
PRINT '部门ID: ' || p_dept_id || ', 人数: ' || p_count || ', 薪资总计: ' || p_total;
END;
/
— 调用存储过程
DECLARE
v_count INT;
v_total DECIMAL;
BEGIN
sp_dept_stat(10, v_count, v_total);
END;
/

3.3 性能优化与监控诊断

1. 参数调优

核心参数配置位于 dm.ini 文件中，以下为常用调优参数:

| 参数名 | 说明 | 推荐值 |

|——–|——|——–|

| MEMORY_POOL | 共享内存池大小(MB) | 1000 |

| BUFFER | 数据缓冲区大小(MB) | 物理内存的 60% |

| MAX_BUFFER | 最大缓冲区大小(MB) | 物理内存的 70% |

| SORT_BUF_SIZE | 排序缓存大小(MB) | 50 |

| HJ_BUF_SIZE | HASH 连接缓存(MB) | 50 |

| CACHE_POOL_SIZE | SQL 缓存池大小(MB) | 100 |

| WORKER_THREADS | 工作线程数 | CPU 核数 |

| IO_THR_GROUPS | IO 线程组数 | CPU 核数 |

修改示例:

# 编辑 dm.ini 配置文件
vi /dm/dmdata/DAMENG/dm.ini
MEMORY_POOL = 1000
BUFFER = 8192
MAX_BUFFER = 10240
SORT_BUF_SIZE = 50
HJ_BUF_SIZE = 50
CACHE_POOL_SIZE = 100
WORKER_THREADS = 8
IO_THR_GROUPS = 8

修改完成后重启数据库服务使配置生效:

systemctl restart DmServiceDMSVR

2. 执行计划分析

使用 EXPLAIN 查看执行计划:

— 查看查询执行计划
EXPLAIN
SELECT e.emp_name, d.dept_name, e.salary
FROM emp e
JOIN dept d ON e.dept_id = d.dept_id
WHERE e.salary > 10000
ORDER BY e.salary DESC;

3. 性能监控视图

DM 数据库提供丰富的动态性能视图，便于实时监控:

— 查看当前活动会话
SELECT sess_id, sql_text, state, create_time
FROM v$sessions
WHERE state = 'ACTIVE';
— 查看等待事件
SELECT name, class_id, waits, time_waited
FROM v$waitclass
ORDER BY time_waited DESC;
— 查看 SQL 执行统计
SELECT sql_text, exec_num, elapsed_time, logic_read
FROM v$sqlstat
ORDER BY elapsed_time DESC
LIMIT 10;

性能优化整体流程如下图所示:

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.edge-thickness-invisible{stroke-width:0;fill:none;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 svg{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 p{margin:0;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .label{font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;color:#333;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .cluster-label text{fill:#333;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .cluster-label span{color:#333;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .cluster-label span p{background-color:transparent;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .label text,#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 span{fill:#333;color:#333;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .node rect,#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .node 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.arrowheadPath{fill:#333333;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .edgePath .path{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:1px;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .flowchart-link{stroke:#333333;fill:none;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .edgeLabel{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);text-align:center;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .edgeLabel p{background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .edgeLabel rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .labelBkg{background-color:rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aaaa33;stroke-width:1px;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .cluster text{fill:#333;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .cluster span{color:#333;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:\”trebuchet 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path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 .node .neo-node{stroke:#9370DB;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 [data-look=\”neo\”].node rect,#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 [data-look=\”neo\”].cluster rect,#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 [data-look=\”neo\”].node polygon{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 [data-look=\”neo\”].swimlane.cluster rect{filter:none;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 [data-look=\”neo\”].node path{stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 [data-look=\”neo\”].node .outer-path{filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 [data-look=\”neo\”].node .neo-line path{stroke:#9370DB;filter:none;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 [data-look=\”neo\”].node circle{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 [data-look=\”neo\”].node circle .state-start{fill:#000000;}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon{fill:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon-neo path{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-1786595696437-3 :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}CPU 瓶颈内存瓶颈I/O 瓶颈锁等待是否

性能优化流程

基线采集

识别瓶颈

瓶颈类型判断

优化 SQL 与索引

调整缓冲区参数

优化存储与表空间

分析并发与事务

实施优化方案

验证优化效果

是否达标

优化完成

通过以上三个章节的系统讲解，我们从 DM 数据库的架构原理出发，完整梳理了安装部署、实例初始化、日常运维以及性能优化的全流程操作。DM 数据库作为国产数据库的代表产品，在兼容性、安全性和稳定性方面表现优异，是企业信创改造与技术国产化替代的优选方案。在实际项目中，建议结合业务场景合理配置参数，并建立完善的备份恢复与监控告警机制，确保数据库系统持续稳定运行。