1. 引言：票据为什么需要区块链
票据是企业间结算与融资的重要工具，涵盖商业汇票、银行承兑汇票、供应链票据等多种形态。传统票据业务长期存在几个痛点：
- 信息孤岛：核心企业、供应商、银行、保理机构各自维护账本，数据难以互通，核验成本高。
- 重复融资风险：同一张票据可能被多次质押或转让，缺乏全局唯一的权属记录。
- 流转效率低：纸质票据需要线下背书，电子票据虽已普及，但跨机构流转仍依赖中心化系统对接。
- 信任成本高：交易双方需要依赖第三方机构背书，一旦出现纠纷，取证与追责链条冗长。
区块链的分布式账本、不可篡改、可追溯特性，恰好对应票据业务中「唯一性、权属清晰、流转可查」的核心诉求。本文从业务模型出发，梳理区块链票据的技术架构与关键实现。
2. 区块链票据的核心业务模型
2.1 票据生命周期
一张区块链票据从签发到兑付，通常经历以下阶段：
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出票签发
承兑确认
持票登记
