一、RIP路由协议基础
RIP（Routing Information Protocol）是一种距离矢量路由协议，使用跳数作为度量标准，最大跳数为15。RIP通过定期广播路由更新来维护路由表，每30秒发送一次完整路由表更新。
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.state-start{fill:#000000;}#publish-mermaid-0-1793880822968 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon{fill:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-0-1793880822968 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon-neo path{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-0-1793880822968 :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}RIP更新RIP更新RIP更新RIP更新30秒30秒30秒30秒
路由器A
路由器B
路由器C
路由器D
该图展示了RIP路由器之间的定期更新机制，每个路由器每30秒向邻居发送路由更新。
1.1 RIP工作流程
二、路由汇总
路由汇总是将多个相关路由条目合并为一个更通用的路由条目，减少路由表大小和更新流量。
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该饼图展示了路由汇总对路由表大小的影响，通过汇总可以将16个路由条目减少到1个。
2.1 RIP路由汇总配置
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子网1: 192.168.1.0/24
子网2: 192.168.2.0/24
子网3: 192.168.3.0/24
子网4: 192.168.4.0/24
汇总路由: 192.168.0.0/16
该图展示了4个子网如何汇总为一个更大的网络192.168.0.0/16。
三、水平分割
水平分割是防止路由环路的一种机制，禁止路由器将从一个接口学习到的路由信息从同一接口广播出去。
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circle,#publish-mermaid-3-1793880825927 line{fill:#ECECFF;stroke-width:2px;}#publish-mermaid-3-1793880825927 g rect.rect{filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));stroke:#9370DB;}#publish-mermaid-3-1793880825927 .node .neo-node{stroke:#9370DB;}#publish-mermaid-3-1793880825927 [data-look=\”neo\”].node rect,#publish-mermaid-3-1793880825927 [data-look=\”neo\”].cluster rect,#publish-mermaid-3-1793880825927 [data-look=\”neo\”].node polygon{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-3-1793880825927 [data-look=\”neo\”].swimlane.cluster rect{filter:none;}#publish-mermaid-3-1793880825927 [data-look=\”neo\”].node path{stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#publish-mermaid-3-1793880825927 [data-look=\”neo\”].node .outer-path{filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-3-1793880825927 [data-look=\”neo\”].node .neo-line path{stroke:#9370DB;filter:none;}#publish-mermaid-3-1793880825927 [data-look=\”neo\”].node circle{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-3-1793880825927 [data-look=\”neo\”].node circle .state-start{fill:#000000;}#publish-mermaid-3-1793880825927 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon{fill:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-3-1793880825927 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon-neo path{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-3-1793880825927 :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}发送路由更新(网络1, 跳数1)接收路由更新发送路由更新(网络1, 跳数2)不会发送网络1的路由更新
该时序图展示了水平分割如何防止路由信息从学习接口返回。
3.1 水平分割配置
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[data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon-neo path{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-4-1793880825944 :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}启用命令禁用命令配置错误
水平分割禁用
水平分割启用
该状态图展示了水平分割的启用和禁用状态转换。
四、毒性反转
毒性反转是水平分割的一种变体，路由器将从某个接口学习到的路由以度量值16（不可达）的形式广播回该接口。
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.state-start{fill:#000000;}#publish-mermaid-5-1793880826292 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon{fill:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-5-1793880826292 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon-neo path{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-5-1793880826292 :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}学习路由毒性反转正常路由更新正常路由更新
路由器A
路由器B
路由器C
该图展示了路由器B如何使用毒性反转将学习到的路由以不可达形式发回路由器A。
4.1 毒性反转配置
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path{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 .divider{stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 g.clickable{cursor:pointer;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 g.classGroup rect{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370DB;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 g.classGroup line{stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 .classLabel .box{stroke:none;stroke-width:0;fill:#ECECFF;opacity:0.5;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 .classLabel .label{fill:#9370DB;font-size:10px;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 .relation{stroke:#333333;stroke-width:1;fill:none;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 .dashed-line{stroke-dasharray:3;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 .dotted-line{stroke-dasharray:1 2;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [id$=\”-compositionStart\”],#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 .composition{fill:#333333!important;stroke:#333333!important;stroke-width:1;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [id$=\”-compositionEnd\”],#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 .composition{fill:#333333!important;stroke:#333333!important;stroke-width:1;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [id$=\”-dependencyStart\”],#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 .dependency{fill:#333333!important;stroke:#333333!important;stroke-width:1;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [id$=\”-dependencyEnd\”],#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 .dependency{fill:#333333!important;stroke:#333333!important;stroke-width:1;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [id$=\”-extensionStart\”],#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 .extension{fill:transparent!important;stroke:#333333!important;stroke-width:1;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [id$=\”-extensionEnd\”],#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 .extension{fill:transparent!important;stroke:#333333!important;stroke-width:1;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [id$=\”-aggregationStart\”],#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 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0.8);}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 .edgeLabel[data-look=\”neo\”] rect{opacity:0.5;background-color:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);fill:rgba(232,232,232, 0.8);}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 .label-icon{display:inline-block;height:1em;overflow:visible;vertical-align:-0.125em;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 .node .label-icon path{fill:currentColor;stroke:revert;stroke-width:revert;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 .node .neo-node{stroke:#9370DB;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [data-look=\”neo\”].node rect,#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [data-look=\”neo\”].cluster rect,#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [data-look=\”neo\”].node polygon{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [data-look=\”neo\”].swimlane.cluster rect{filter:none;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [data-look=\”neo\”].node path{stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [data-look=\”neo\”].node .outer-path{filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [data-look=\”neo\”].node .neo-line path{stroke:#9370DB;filter:none;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [data-look=\”neo\”].node circle{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [data-look=\”neo\”].node circle .state-start{fill:#000000;}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon{fill:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon-neo path{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-6-1793880826412 :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}RIP邻居关系水平分割禁用毒性反转启用11
路由器A
+接口1
+接口2
+路由表
路由器B
+接口1
+接口2
+路由表
该类图展示了路由器之间的邻居关系和水平分割、毒性反转配置状态。
五、RIP路由汇总与水平分割、毒性反转的关系
路由汇总、水平分割和毒性反转都是RIP协议中用于优化路由性能和防止路由环路的重要机制。
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.state-start{fill:#000000;}#publish-mermaid-7-1793880826483 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon{fill:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-7-1793880826483 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon-neo path{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-7-1793880826483 :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}是否是否
路由更新接收
是否水平分割
检查毒性反转
直接更新路由表
添加毒性反转条目
更新路由表
发送更新
该流程图展示了路由更新处理过程中水平分割和毒性反转的应用顺序。
5.1 三者协同工作示例
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circle,#publish-mermaid-8-1793880826525 line{fill:#ECECFF;stroke-width:2px;}#publish-mermaid-8-1793880826525 g rect.rect{filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));stroke:#9370DB;}#publish-mermaid-8-1793880826525 .node .neo-node{stroke:#9370DB;}#publish-mermaid-8-1793880826525 [data-look=\”neo\”].node rect,#publish-mermaid-8-1793880826525 [data-look=\”neo\”].cluster rect,#publish-mermaid-8-1793880826525 [data-look=\”neo\”].node polygon{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-8-1793880826525 [data-look=\”neo\”].swimlane.cluster rect{filter:none;}#publish-mermaid-8-1793880826525 [data-look=\”neo\”].node path{stroke:#9370DB;stroke-width:1px;}#publish-mermaid-8-1793880826525 [data-look=\”neo\”].node .outer-path{filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-8-1793880826525 [data-look=\”neo\”].node .neo-line path{stroke:#9370DB;filter:none;}#publish-mermaid-8-1793880826525 [data-look=\”neo\”].node circle{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-8-1793880826525 [data-look=\”neo\”].node circle .state-start{fill:#000000;}#publish-mermaid-8-1793880826525 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon{fill:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-8-1793880826525 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon-neo path{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-8-1793880826525 :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}发送路由更新(汇总路由, 跳数1)接收路由更新发送路由更新(汇总路由, 跳数2)发送毒性反转(汇总路由, 跳数16)不会发送汇总路由
该时序图展示了路由汇总、水平分割和毒性反转协同工作的过程。
六、配置示例
以下是在Cisco路由器上配置RIP路由汇总、水平分割和毒性反转的示例：
6.1 基本配置
Router> enable
Router# configure terminal
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config-router)# version 2
Router(config-router)# network 192.168.0.0
Router(config-router)# no auto-summary
Router(config-router)# exit
6.2 路由汇总配置
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config-router)# aggregate-address 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0
6.3 水平分割配置
Router(config)# interface GigabitEthernet0/0
Router(config-if)# ip rip split-horizon
6.4 毒性反转配置
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.2
Router(config-router)# offset-list 1 out 16 GigabitEthernet0/0
七、注意事项
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.state-start{fill:#000000;}#publish-mermaid-9-1793880826542 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon{fill:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-9-1793880826542 [data-look=\”neo\”].icon-shape .icon-neo path{stroke:#9370DB;filter:drop-shadow(1px 2px 2px rgba(185, 185, 185, 1));}#publish-mermaid-9-1793880826542 :root{–mermaid-font-family:\”trebuchet ms\”,verdana,arial,sans-serif;}是否是否是否
配置路由汇总
检查汇总效果
汇总正确?
配置水平分割
检查水平分割
生效?
配置毒性反转
最终验证
全部正常?
完成
该流程图展示了配置和验证RIP路由汇总、水平分割和毒性反转的完整流程。
