Linux 磁盘管理
Linux 磁盘管理好坏直接关系到整个系统的性能问题。
Linux 磁盘管理常用三个命令为 df、du 和 fdisk。
- df（英文全称：disk free）：列出文件系统的整体磁盘使用量
- du（英文全称：disk used）：检查磁盘空间使用量
- fdisk：用于磁盘分区
df
df命令参数功能：检查文件系统的磁盘空间占用情况。可以利用该命令来获取硬盘被占用了多少空间，目前还剩下多少空间等信息。
语法：
df [-ahikHTm] [目录或文件名]
选项与参数：
-
-h：以人类可读的方式显示输出结果（例如，使用 KB、MB、GB 等单位）。
-
-T：显示文件系统的类型。
-
-t <文件系统类型>：只显示指定类型的文件系统。
-
-i：显示 inode 使用情况。
-
-H：该参数是 -h 的变体，但是使用 1000 字节作为基本单位而不是 1024 字节。这意味着它会以 SI（国际单位制）单位（例如 MB、GB）而不是二进制单位（例如 MiB、GiB）来显示磁盘使用情况。
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-k：这个选项会以 KB 作为单位显示磁盘空间使用情况。 -
-a：该参数将显示所有的文件系统，包括虚拟文件系统，例如 proc、sysfs 等。如果没有使用该选项，默认情况下，df 命令不会显示虚拟文件系统。
实例 1
将系统内所有的文件系统列出来！
[root@www ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hdc2 9920624 3823112 5585444 41% /
/dev/hdc3 4956316 141376 4559108 4% /home
/dev/hdc1 101086 11126 84741 12% /boot
tmpfs 371332 0 371332 0% /dev/shm
在 Linux 底下如果 df 没有加任何选项，那么默认会将系统内所有的 (不含特殊内存内的文件系统与 swap) 都以 1 Kbytes 的容量来列出来！
实例 2
将容量结果以易读的容量格式显示出来
[root@www ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/hdc2 9.5G 3.7G 5.4G 41% /
/dev/hdc3 4.8G 139M 4.4G 4% /home
/dev/hdc1 99M 11M 83M 12% /boot
tmpfs 363M 0 363M 0% /dev/shm
实例 3
将系统内的所有特殊文件格式及名称都列出来
[root@www ~]# df -aT
Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hdc2 ext3 9920624 3823112 5585444 41% /
proc proc 0 0 0 – /proc
sysfs sysfs 0 0 0 – /sys
devpts devpts 0 0 0 – /dev/pts
/dev/hdc3 ext3 4956316 141376 4559108 4% /home
/dev/hdc1 ext3 101086 11126 84741 12% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 371332 0 371332 0% /dev/shm
none binfmt_misc 0 0 0 – /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
sunrpc rpc_pipefs 0 0 0 – /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs
实例 4
将 /etc 底下的可用的磁盘容量以易读的容量格式显示
[root@www ~]# df -h /etc
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/hdc2 9.5G 3.7G 5.4G 41% /
du
Linux du 命令也是查看使用空间的，但是与 df 命令不同的是 Linux du 命令是对文件和目录磁盘使用的空间的查看，还是和df命令有一些区别的，这里介绍 Linux du 命令。
语法：
du [-ahskm] 文件或目录名称
选项与参数：
- -a ：列出所有的文件与目录容量，因为默认仅统计目录底下的文件量而已。
- -h ：以人们较易读的容量格式 (G/M) 显示；
- -s ：仅显示指定目录或文件的总大小，而不显示其子目录的大小。
- -S ：包括子目录下的总计，与 -s 有点差别。
- -k ：以 KBytes 列出容量显示；
- -m ：以 MBytes 列出容量显示；
实例 1
只列出当前目录下的所有文件夹容量（包括隐藏文件夹）:
[root@www ~]# du
8 ./test4 <==每个目录都会列出来
8 ./test2
….中间省略….
12 ./.gconfd <==包括隐藏文件的目录
220 . <==这个目录(.)所占用的总量
直接输入 du 没有加任何选项时，则 du 会分析当前所在目录里的子目录所占用的硬盘空间。
实例 2
将文件的容量也列出来
[root@www ~]# du -a
12 ./install.log.syslog <==有文件的列表了
8 ./.bash_logout
8 ./test4
8 ./test2
….中间省略….
12 ./.gconfd
220 .
实例 3
检查根目录底下每个目录所占用的容量
[root@www ~]# du -sm /*
7 /bin
6 /boot
…..中间省略….
0 /proc
…..中间省略….
1 /tmp
3859 /usr <==系统初期最大就是他了啦！
77 /var
通配符 * 来代表每个目录。
与 df 不一样的是，du 这个命令其实会直接到文件系统内去搜寻所有的文件数据。
fdisk
fdisk 是 Linux 的磁盘分区表操作工具。
语法：
fdisk [-l] 装置名称
选项与参数：
- -l ：输出后面接的装置所有的分区内容。若仅有 fdisk -l 时， 则系统将会把整个系统内能够搜寻到的装置的分区均列出来。
实例 1
列出所有分区信息
[root@AY120919111755c246621 tmp]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/xvda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/xvda1 * 1 2550 20480000 83 Linux
/dev/xvda2 2550 2611 490496 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Disk /dev/xvdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x56f40944
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
